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Flow… A glimpse of growing up in Baguio City.

A chapter taken from a historical, fictional novel inspired by events and characters encompassing three generations of the Borja-Erece family history through the vibrant and colorful imagery of our daughter and author, Maynah Borja Erece.

Discover the fascinating traditions and enduring spirit of the Ibaloi people, an indigenous community in the Cordillera Mountains of the Philippines.

The Ibaloi people, also known as Nabaloi, are an indigenous ethnic group found in the northern Philippines. They primarily inhabit the southeastern two-thirds of Benguet, including municipalities like Kabayan, Bokod, Sablan, Tublay, La Trinidad, Tuba, Itogon, as well as the southern portions of Kapangan and Atok (CSG 2003). As part of the larger Igorot ethnic group, the Ibaloi people share commonalities with other indigenous communities in the Cordillera region.

The name “Ibaloi” is derived from “Ipaway,” the term used by the Kalanguyas, which means “those who live in the grasslands.” This reflects the deep connection the Ibaloi people have with their natural surroundings.

In Ibaloi mythology, their origins are traced back to a couple who survived a great flood sent by Kabunian, a deity in their beliefs. This couple went on to bear many children who intermarried, multiplied, and descended to the fertile valleys of Benguet, including Tinek, becoming the ancestors of today’s Ibalois.

Key Takeaways:

• The Ibaloi people, an integral part of the broader Igorot ethnic group, are indigenous to the northern Philippines, with their primary settlements in the Benguet region.
• The name “Ibaloi” originates from “Ipaway,” a term used by the Kalanguyas, signifying “those who live in the grasslands,” highlighting their profound connection to their natural environment.
• Ibaloi mythology traces their origins to resilient survivors of a great flood, offering a glimpse into their cultural narratives.
• This article offers a comprehensive exploration of Ibaloi culture and traditions, encompassing their historical journey, spiritual beliefs, and contemporary challenges, providing valuable insights into their rich heritage.

This article aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of the Ibaloi culture and traditions, their historical journey, spiritual beliefs, and contemporary challenges. By delving into these aspects, we gain valuable insights into the rich heritage of the Ibaloi people.

Historical Background of the Ibaloi People (Ibaloi History)

To truly understand the Ibaloi culture and traditions, it is essential to delve into their historical journey, which spans generations and centuries.

Origins and Migration Patterns

The Ibaloi people’s story begins with a couple in Mt. Pulog, who, according to Ibaloi mythology, survived a great flood sent by Kabunian, a significant deity in their belief system. This resilient couple gave birth to many children who intermarried, multiplied, and eventually descended into the fertile valleys of Benguet, including the region known as Tinek. These descendants are the forebears of today’s Ibalois.

The migratory history of the Ibaloi people is marked by three principal routes. In the early days, Ibaloi settlers embarked on a journey from the Lingayen and Ilocos coasts. They ventured through tributaries such as the Aringay and Galiano rivers, ultimately reaching areas like Chuyo (Bakakeng) and Tonglo (Tili) in Tuba.

Another migration route led them through the tributaries of the Amburayan River, guiding them to settlements like Darew (Gaswiling) and Palaypay (Pungayan) in Kapangan. The third route took them along the Agno River to Imbose (Pacso) in Kabayan and Amlimay in Buguias. By the year 1600 A.D., a significant shift occurred as people started moving to valley settlements along the Agno River, departing from their original settlements around the Mount Pulog area, particularly in Tinoc and Hungudan.

This complex history of migration not only shaped the geographical distribution of the Ibaloi people but also played a pivotal role in the development of their unique culture and traditions.

Pre-Colonial Society and Governance

Before the arrival of Spanish colonizers, the Ibaloi society had a well-established system of governance. They lived in extended households, with rich households typically composed of extended families, averaging around four to five members. In contrast, poor households followed a nuclear structure, consisting of the husband, wife, and their offspring.

Impact of Spanish Colonization

The advent of Spanish colonization in the Philippines brought significant changes to the Ibaloi way of life. The Spaniards introduced new customs, beliefs, and governance systems, which had a lasting influence on the indigenous communities, including the Ibaloi.

The Spanish presence also marked the beginning of recorded history for the Ibaloi people. Missionaries documented their practices, beliefs, and interactions, providing valuable insights into their culture during this period.

Survival and Adaptation During the American Period

Following the Spanish era, the Philippines underwent a transition period under American rule. This period presented new challenges and opportunities for the Ibaloi people. They had to adapt to changing political structures and economic systems.

Despite these challenges, the Ibaloi community exhibited resilience and adaptability, which are hallmarks of their history. Their ability to navigate through these changes while preserving essential aspects of their culture is a testament to the enduring spirit of the Ibaloi people.

The historical background of the Ibaloi people provides us with a foundation to explore the depths of their culture and traditions. It reveals a legacy of resilience and adaptability that continues to define the Ibaloi community today.

Ibaloi: The Original Settlers of Benguet Province, circa 1920s.

Ibaloi Culture and Traditions

The Ibaloi culture is a vibrant tapestry woven with unique social structures, traditional clothing, dietary customs, arts, crafts, and music. In this section, we immerse ourselves in the heart of the Ibaloi way of life.

Social Structure and Kinship Ties

Within the Ibaloi community, social structure and kinship ties are at the core of their society. The concept of kinship is reckoned bilaterally, meaning it is derived from both parents. This bilateral kinship system fosters extended households, making them commonplace in Ibaloi societies.

In rich households, extended families of around four to five members are the norm. In contrast, poor households are typically nuclear, comprising the husband, wife, and their offspring. This intricate social structure plays a crucial role in shaping Ibaloi life.

Traditional Clothing and Adornments

Traditional clothing and adornments are an integral part of the Ibaloi culture. The Ibaloi people take pride in their unique attire, which reflects their cultural identity. They often wear handwoven fabrics and intricate beadwork, showcasing their craftsmanship and artistry. These garments are not just clothing but also bear cultural significance, preserving age-old traditions.

Dietary Customs and Cuisine

Ibaloi cuisine is a testament to their connection with the land and the rich resources it provides. Their dietary customs reflect a harmonious relationship with nature. Root crops, vegetables, and rice are staples in their diet. The Ibaloi people have a deep appreciation for the flavors of their indigenous ingredients, creating dishes that are not only nourishing but also culturally meaningful.

Arts, Crafts, and Music

The Ibaloi people are known for their artistic talents, which manifest in various forms. Their arts and crafts include pottery, woodcarving, and intricate basketry. These crafts are not only functional but also serve as expressions of their creativity and heritage.

Music is another integral part of the Ibaloi tradition. They use traditional instruments like the gangsa (gongs) to create melodies that accompany their rituals and celebrations. These musical traditions have been passed down through generations, preserving the unique soundscapes of the Ibaloi culture.

Ibaloi Contributions to Philippine Culture

The Ibaloi culture has made significant contributions to Philippine culture as a whole. Their artistry, craftsmanship, and culinary traditions have left an indelible mark. The preservation of their cultural heritage is not only important for the Ibaloi community but also enriches the diverse tapestry of Philippine culture.

In this exploration of Ibaloi culture and traditions, we discover a people deeply rooted in their heritage, where every aspect of life is infused with cultural significance and a profound connection to the land.

Spirituality and Belief Systems

The spirituality and belief systems of the Ibaloi people are deeply rooted in their connection to the land, ancestral spirits, and deities. In this section, we delve into the intricate world of Ibaloi spirituality.

Ancestral Spirits and Deities

Central to Ibaloi spirituality are ancestral spirits and deities. They believe in the presence of spirits that watch over their community. Kabunian, the supreme deity, plays a significant role in their belief system. Kabunian is revered as the creator and source of all life. The Ibaloi people also honor their ancestors, believing that their spirits continue to guide and protect the living.

Rituals, Ceremonies, and Festivals

Rituals and ceremonies are integral to the Ibaloi way of life. These events mark important milestones, from birth to death, and are deeply intertwined with their spiritual beliefs. One of the most prominent ceremonies is the “cañao,” a ritual feast that celebrates various occasions, including harvests and weddings. The cañao involves offerings, dances, and music, creating a vibrant and meaningful cultural experience.

Festivals are also a significant part of Ibaloi culture. The Panagbenga Festival in Baguio City, for example, showcases the rich traditions of the Ibaloi people, featuring vibrant street dances and flower floats. These festivals not only celebrate their culture but also provide an opportunity for the Ibaloi community to share their traditions with the wider world.

Connection to Nature and the Environment

The Ibaloi people have a profound connection to nature and the environment. Their belief system emphasizes the interdependence between humans and the natural world. They practice sustainable farming methods and respect the land’s cycles. This deep-rooted connection to nature is reflected in their rituals and ceremonies, which often seek harmony with the environment.

In the spirituality and belief systems of the Ibaloi people, we find a reverence for the land, a strong connection to ancestral spirits, and a vibrant tapestry of rituals and festivals. This spiritual foundation not only shapes their cultural identity but also underscores the importance of living in harmony with nature.

Ibaloi Mummification: A Unique Tradition

Mummification, a practice often associated with ancient civilizations, finds a remarkable and distinctive place among the Ibaloi people. In this section, we’ll delve into the intriguing world of Ibaloi mummification, exploring its uniqueness, cultural significance, the preservation of the Apo Anno mummy, and the contributions of the Ibaloi to anthropology and archaeology.

Apó Anno Mummy’s Return to Nabalikong, Benguet: A Glimpse into Cordillera’s Indigenous Heritage Photo: Art Tibaldo

The Unique Practice of Ibaloi Mummification

Ibaloi mummification stands as a testament to the ingenuity and reverence of the Ibaloi people for their ancestors. This ancient burial practice involves preserving the deceased’s physical form to prevent decomposition through a carefully guarded process. This practice not only showcases the craftsmanship of the Ibaloi but also reflects their deep respect for their forebears.

The intricacies of the mummification process are shrouded in secrecy, passed down through generations within the Ibaloi community. It involves a series of meticulous rituals and techniques that have been refined over centuries.

Cultural Significance and Rituals

Mummification holds profound cultural significance for the Ibaloi people. It is believed that by preserving the physical remains of their ancestors, they maintain a tangible connection to the past. These preserved individuals continue to be a part of the community, offering guidance and protection.

The rituals associated with Ibaloi mummification are deeply spiritual and solemn. They include offerings, chants, and dances, creating an atmosphere of reverence. These rituals serve as a way for the Ibaloi community to honor their ancestors and express gratitude for their wisdom and presence.

Preservation of the Apo Anno Mummy and the Fire Mummies

Among the most renowned mummies in Ibaloi culture are the Apo Anno mummy and the Fire Mummies. These mummies are not merely historical artifacts; they are living links to the past. The Ibaloi people have taken great care to preserve these mummies, ensuring that they remain a testament to their cultural heritage.

The Fire Mummies, also known as the Kabayan Mummies, Benguet Mummies, or Ibaloi Mummies, are a group of mummies found along the mountain slopes of Kabayan, Benguet, a town in northern Philippines. They were made from as early as 2000 BCE and remain in natural caves and a museum in Kabayan. These mummies have not only piqued the interest of archaeologists and anthropologists but have also captured the imaginations of people worldwide. They provide valuable insights into ancient burial practices and the beliefs of the Ibaloi people.

Ibaloi Contributions to Anthropology and Archaeology

The Ibaloi mummies, including the Fire Mummies, have made significant contributions to the fields of anthropology and archaeology. They offer researchers a unique window into the past, shedding light on ancient burial customs, cultural practices, and the spiritual beliefs of the Ibaloi community.

By preserving their mummification tradition and sharing it with the world, the Ibaloi people have enriched our understanding of human history and culture.

In the practice of mummification, we find a profound testament to the Ibaloi culture’s reverence for their ancestors and their commitment to preserving their unique traditions. It is a practice that not only connects them to their past but also offers valuable insights to the wider world.

Contemporary Issues Facing the Ibaloi People

As we journey into the present, it’s crucial to understand the challenges that the Ibaloi people currently face. In this section, we’ll shed light on the contemporary issues confronting this indigenous community, their efforts to preserve their culture amidst modernization, economic opportunities and challenges, disparities in education and healthcare, and the vital role of Ibaloi youth in cultural preservation.

Meet Lola Teleng from Itogon, Benguet, showcasing the traditional Ibaloi garb. Photo: MelvinCarantes (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Land Rights and Displacement Challenges

Land holds immense significance for the Ibaloi people, but they are confronted with land rights and displacement challenges. As modernization and urban expansion encroach upon their ancestral territories, the Ibaloi community faces the risk of losing their land. The struggle to assert their land rights and protect their sacred spaces is an ongoing battle.

Preserving Culture Amidst Modernization

In the face of rapid modernization, the Ibaloi people are dedicated to preserving their rich cultural heritage. Traditional practices, languages, and rituals are carefully passed down from one generation to the next. The elders play a pivotal role in this cultural transmission, ensuring that the essence of being Ibaloi endures.

Economic Opportunities and Challenges

Within the Ibaloi society, economic opportunities coexist with challenges. While some engage in traditional occupations such as agriculture, others explore new avenues. The economic landscape is evolving, presenting opportunities for growth and prosperity but also posing challenges in terms of sustainable livelihoods and economic disparities.

Disparities in Education and Healthcare

Disparities in education and healthcare persist within the Ibaloi community. Access to quality education and healthcare services remains unequal, particularly in remote areas. Efforts are underway to bridge these gaps and provide equitable access to essential services for all Ibaloi individuals.

The Role of Ibaloi Youth in Cultural Preservation

The Ibaloi youth play a pivotal role in the preservation of their culture. While they navigate the complexities of the modern world, many actively engage in cultural activities and initiatives. They are the torchbearers of Ibaloi traditions, ensuring that the legacy of their ancestors lives on.

In understanding these contemporary challenges and the resilience of the Ibaloi people, we gain insight into their ongoing journey to protect their culture, uphold their rights, and secure a promising future for generations to come.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about the Ibaloi Culture and People

Q1: What are the key traditions of the Ibaloi people? A: The Ibaloi people have a rich tapestry of traditions that include rituals, dances, and festivals. Their mummification practice, agricultural ceremonies, and cañao celebrations are among the most prominent. These traditions reflect their deep connection to nature and their ancestors.

Q2: How has the Ibaloi culture evolved over time? A: While the core values and traditions of the Ibaloi culture remain intact, it has evolved to adapt to modern life. Changes in lifestyle, education, and economic opportunities have influenced the way Ibaloi people live today. However, they continue to preserve their cultural essence.

Q3: What are the challenges faced by the Ibaloi community today? A: The Ibaloi community faces challenges related to land rights, modernization, economic disparities, and access to education and healthcare. The struggle to protect their ancestral lands and maintain their cultural identity amidst rapid changes is an ongoing concern.

Q4: Are there efforts to protect and promote the Ibaloi culture? A: Yes, there are various initiatives and organizations dedicated to preserving and promoting the Ibaloi culture. These efforts include cultural festivals, educational programs, and advocacy for indigenous rights. The Ibaloi people themselves play a crucial role in safeguarding their heritage.

Q5: How can I learn more about the Ibaloi people and their heritage? A: To learn more about the Ibaloi people and their rich heritage, you can explore cultural centers, museums, and attend cultural events in the Benguet region. Engaging with local communities, listening to their stories, and participating in their traditions can provide valuable insights into the Ibaloi way of life. Additionally, there are resources and publications that offer in-depth information about their culture and history.

Q6: What is the Ibaloi tribe known for? A: The Ibaloi tribe is known for their unique mummification tradition, rich cultural heritage, and their deep connection to the mountains and nature of the Philippines.

Q7: What is Ibaloi in the Philippines? A: In the Philippines, the term “Ibaloi” refers to both an indigenous ethnic group and their distinct culture. The Ibaloi people are known for their traditions, beliefs, and practices that have been passed down through generations.

Q8: Where is the Ibaloi tribe located? A: The Ibaloi people predominantly inhabit the southeastern two-thirds of Benguet in the northern Philippines. Their communities are found in municipalities such as Kabayan, Bokod, Sablan, Tublay, La Trinidad, Tuba, Itogon, Kapangan, and Atok.

Q9: What is the classification of Ibaloi? A: The Ibaloi people belong to the larger classification of indigenous or “Igorot” ethnic groups in the Philippines. They are one of several distinct Igorot communities, each with its own unique culture and traditions.

Q10: What are the characteristics of Ibaloi people? A: Ibaloi people are characterized by their strong sense of community and connection to nature. They are known for their agricultural practices, mummification traditions, and deep-rooted spirituality.

Q11: What Ibaloi word was Baguio derived from? A: The word “Baguio” is believed to have been derived from the Ibaloi term “bag-iw,” which means “moss.” This name reflects the city’s cool and mountainous environment.

Q12: Where is the center of Ibaloi culture? A: The center of Ibaloi culture can be found in the Benguet region of the Philippines, particularly in municipalities like Kabayan. This is where many of their traditional practices and rituals are still observed.

Q13: What is the myth of Ibaloi? A: Ibaloi mythology includes various origin stories and myths. One notable myth traces their origin to a couple in Mt. Pulog who survived a great flood sent by Kabunian to punish wicked people. This couple’s descendants are believed to be the ancestors of the present-day Ibaloi.

Q14: Are Ibaloi considered Igorot? A: Yes, the Ibaloi people are considered part of the larger Igorot ethnic group in the Philippines. “Igorot” is a collective term for several indigenous communities in the Cordillera region, including the Ibaloi.

Q15: What is the tradition of Ibaloi cañao? A: The Ibaloi cañao is a traditional ritual and feast that plays a significant role in Ibaloi culture. It involves various ceremonies and activities, including dances, prayers, and the sharing of food, to honor ancestral spirits and celebrate important events.

Q16: What are the religious rituals of Ibaloi? A: Ibaloi religious rituals often involve connecting with ancestral spirits and deities. These rituals include offerings, prayers, and ceremonies performed to seek guidance, protection, and blessings from the spiritual world.

Q17: What is the Ibaloi creation myth? A: The Ibaloi creation myth recounts the story of how the world and its inhabitants came into being, often involving deities and natural elements. These myths vary among different Ibaloi communities but typically emphasize the sacredness of their land and environment.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Ibaloi people of the Philippines represent a vibrant and unique indigenous culture with a rich tapestry of traditions, beliefs, and practices. Their heritage is deeply rooted in their ancestral lands, and their customs reflect a profound connection to nature and their forebears.

We’ve explored the origins and migration patterns of the Ibaloi people, delving into their pre-colonial society and the impact of Spanish colonization. We’ve also gained insights into the Ibaloi’s contemporary challenges, such as land rights and cultural preservation.

The Ibaloi culture is a treasure trove of traditions, including mummification, cañao celebrations, and intricate rituals that honor ancestral spirits. Their contributions to Philippine culture are undeniable, and their unique practices, like mummification, have left lasting marks on anthropology and archaeology.

As we conclude this journey through Ibaloi culture and heritage, it’s essential to emphasize the significance of preserving this rich tradition. In the face of modernization and evolving landscapes, safeguarding their cultural identity and ancestral lands remains a vital mission.

We encourage further exploration and understanding of the Ibaloi people and their traditions. Engaging with their communities, participating in their cultural events, and supporting initiatives that protect their heritage are meaningful steps toward ensuring that the Ibaloi culture continues to thrive for generations to come.

Let’s celebrate the resilience and uniqueness of the Ibaloi people, and let their story inspire us to cherish and protect the diverse cultural tapestry of our world.

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Benguet is the gateway province of the Cordillera Region. It lies in the southern region of the Gran Cordillera Central, shares boundaries with Mountain Province on the north; Ifugao and Nueva Viscaya on the East; La Union and Ilocos Sur on the West; and Pangasinan on the South.

The province consists of 13 municipalities with a land area of 261,648 hectares and a population of 313,833 (1996 NCSO) or a popular density of 120 persons per square kilometers. The terrain is generally rugged and sloping. Its resources and industries are vegetable farming and commercial mining of copper and gold.

Benguet is generally peopled by two major ethnolinguistic groups, namely; Kankanan-ey and Ibaloy. The Kankanan-ey dominate the northwest and speaks the kakali, a dialect similar to the dialect of the Mountain Province and akin to Iloko.

Occupying the southeast are the Ibaloy who speaks the Nabaloy, a linguistic sound nearer to the Pangasinenses.

A group found along the peripheral areas of Benguet, Ifugao and Nueva Viscaya are the Kalanguya. An enclave group, called Karao, are found in Bokod, eastern part of Benguet.

Common to these ethnic groups are their belief system and rituals, though they are dissimilar in their language. Their respective rituals may differ in the way they are performed but they serve similar purposes.

Belief System

The Benguet folks believe in the existence of unseen beings that emanate from the skyworld and underworld and that these unseen beings are thought to have power over man.

Although unseen, it is believed that these spirits cannot only be fatal to man but can also be manipulated by man to his advantage. With this, the people strive to befriend and win the favor of the spirits.

The ethnic group also believe that man has spirit and that when he dies, said spirit will join the spirits of his ancestors in the skyworld. However, spirits of wicked men will join the numerous spirits in the underworld, while spirits of good men will join the spirits of the skyworld and have more freedom.

Classification of Spirits

The people believe that they can charm and manipulate the spirits so that they classify the spirits as to:

Hierarchy – It is believed that the maker of the Universe is the highest and most powerful of the spirits. They call him Kabunyan, Nanpalangka, or Mengos-oschong, and realm is the skyworld. He can punish, admonish, and restrain the spirits that violate his will. He is ready for anyone that calls him for help. If there is no call then there is no response.

The next highest are the gods and godesses (kabunyan) numbering 24, namely: gods- Ballitoc, Kabigat, Lumawig, Gatan, Pati, Suyan, Amduyan, Kalan, Wigan, Lopis, Bentawan, and Maudi. The godesses are: Bangan-Bugan, Ubbang, Pe-ey, Angban, Yapeng, Lingan, Angtan, Apinan, Daungen, Tengnan, and Ibaga. This is followed by spirits of ancestors (ap-apo/paapuan) and spirits of people who have just died (kakading/kadaring).

It is believed that these spirits are privileged to move freely from skyworld to underworld and back as they wish. The last group of numerous spirits collectively called underworld spirits, are the anito or ikalutan, that live in the oceans, rivers, lakes, springs, caves, rocks, ravines, bushly trees, shrubs, abandoned buildings and tunnels, these spirits are not privileged to go to the skyworld.

Generosity, the spirits are believed to be benevolent and malevolent. The spirit that protects and provides for man is benevolent while the violent spirit is malevolent.

Winning the favor of the Spirit

Spiritual leaders, who are the age-old savants or native priests are consulted for their wisdom. These native priests, in keeping with the traditions entrusted to them by their ancestors, discern that spirits accept material gifts.

By communicating with the spirits through prayer, a gift is offered in the form of ritual to either gain their favor or appease the angry ones. As reciprocation for the gifts received, the spirits give fortune and good health to the celebrant and the appeased spirit will refrain from making people sick.

This is the basis of the rituals practiced by the community. The native priest is the consultant, the prescriber, performer and interpreter of all rituals. In times of sickness, death or misfortune, believed to have been caused by the malevolent spirits, the person afflicted would consult the priest. The priest discerns the cause and prescribes the corresponding ritual and material gifts needed, such as food, ricewine and animals to be offered as a healing ritual.

The person who has amassed some fortune, believed to have been given by the benevolent spirit, is advised to perform a big feast in thanksgiving for these blessing. This ritual is adopted as a common practice of the ethnic group as a fulfillment of their aspiration.

The strict compliance of rituals as prescribed, is regarded as a fulfillment of aspiration, a cure for illness, to ward off misfortune and a defense against curse.

All these beliefs, brought together and adopted by the ethnic group evolved as a belief system, that forms part of the lifeways of the people from which customs, traditions and taboos are established.

The Custom Law

Benguet folks, like any other ethnic groups, have no written law. Though unwritten, however, research reveal that laws are incorporated in the customs and traditions, which are observed with precepts, as rules and regulations.

Celebrating a thanksgiving, for instance, when a neighbor is mourning, is taboo. This is Customary law.

A couple who wish to divorce due to infertility of either one of the partners is allowed by the law. A husband who divorces a wife without any valid reason will have to leave all properties to the children and the wife, this is another law.

There are several other laws but they are overshadowed by present government laws.

This article was originally written by Wasing D. Sacla, a former vice governor of the Benguet Provincial Government (1995-1998). He was named Outstanding Civic Leader by the Concerned Media Inc. in 1998.

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